A-B-C of Electricity

While there is no lack of most excellent text-books for the study of those branches of Electricity which are above the elementary stage, there is a decided need of text-books which shall explain, in simple language, to young people of, say, fourteen years and upward, a general outline of the science, as well as the ground-work of those electrical inventions which are to-day of such vast commercial importance.

There is also a need for such a book among a large part of the adult population, for the reason that there have been great and radical changes in this science since the time they completed their studies, and they have not the time to follow up the subject in the advanced books.

As instances of those changes just spoken of, the electric light, telephone, and storage batteries may be mentioned, which have been developed during the last ten or twelve years, with the result of adding very many features that were entirely new to electricians.

With these ideas in view I have prepared this little volume. It is not intended, in the slightest degree, to be put forward as a scientific work, but it will probably give to many the information they desire without requiring too great a research into books which treat more extensively and deeply of this subject.

W. H. M.

A-B-C OF ELECTRICITY

A-B-C OF ELECTRICITY

I

We now obtain so many of our comforts and conveniences by the use of electricity that all young people ought to learn something of this wonderful force, in order to understand some of the principles which are brought into practice.

You all know that we have the telegraph, the telephone, the electric light, electric motors on street-cars, electric bells, etc., besides many other conveniences which the use of electricity gives us.

Every one knows that, by the laws of multiplication, twice two makes four, and that twice two can never make anything but four. Well, these useful inventions have been made by applying the _laws of electricity_ in certain ways, just as well known, so as to enable us to send in a few moments a message to our absent friends at any distance, to speak with them at a great distance, to light our houses and streets with electric light, and to do many other useful things with quickness and ease.

But you must remember that we do not know what electricity itself really is. We only know how to produce it by certain methods, and we also know what we can do with it when we have obtained it.

In this little book we will try to explain the various ways by which electricity is obtained, and how it is applied to produce the useful results that we see around us.

We will try and make this explanation such that it will encourage many of you to study this very important and interesting subject more deeply.

In the advanced books on electricity there are many technical terms which are somewhat difficult to understand, but in this book it will only be necessary to use a few of the more simple ones, which it will be well for you to learn and understand before going further.

II

DEFINITIONS

The three measurements most frequently used in electricity are

The Volt, The Ampère, The Ohm.

We will explain these in their order.

_The Volt._--This term may be better understood by making a comparison with something you all know of. Suppose we have a tank containing one hundred gallons of water, and we want to discharge it through a half-inch pipe at the bottom of the tank. Suppose, further, that we wanted to make the water spout upward, and for this purpose the pipe was bent upward as in Fig. 1.

If you opened the tap the water would spout out and upward as in Fig. 1.

The cause of its spouting upward would be the _weight_ or _pressure_ of the water in the tank. This pressure is reckoned as so many _pounds_ to the square inch of water.

Now, if the tank were placed on the roof of the house and the pipe brought to the ground as shown in Fig. 2, the water would spout up very much higher, because there would be _many more pounds_ of pressure on account of the height of the pipe.

So, you see, the force or pressure of water is measured in pounds, and, therefore, a pound is the unit of pressure, or force, of water. Now, in electricity the unit of pressure, or force, is called a volt.

This word "volt" does not mean any weight, as the word "pound" weight does. You all know that if you have a pound of water you must have something to hold it, because it has weight, and, consequently, occupies some space. But _electricity itself has no weight_ and therefore cannot occupy any space.

When we desire to carry water into a house or other building we do so by means of hollow pipes, which are usually made of iron. This is the way that water is brought into houses in cities and towns, so that it may be drawn and used in any part of a dwelling. Now, the principal supply usually comes from a reservoir which is placed up on high ground so as to give the necessary pounds of pressure to force the water up to the upper part of the houses. If some arrangement of this kind were not made we could get no water in our bedrooms, because, as you know, water will not rise above its own level unless by force.

The water cannot escape as long as there are no holes or leaks in the iron pipes, but if there should be the slightest crevice in them the water will run out.

In electricity we find similar effects.

The electricity is carried into houses by means of wires which are covered, or _insulated_, with various substances, such, for instance, as rubber. Just as the iron of the pipes prevents the water from escaping, the insulation of the wire prevents the escape of the electricity.

Now, if we were to cause the pounds of pressure of water, in pipes of ordinary thickness, to be very greatly increased, the pipes could not stand the strain and would burst and the water escape. So it is with electricity. If there were too many volts of pressure the insulation would not be sufficient to hold it and the electricity would escape through the covering, or insulation, of the wire.

It is a simple and easy matter to stop the flow of water from an ordinary faucet by placing your finger over the opening. As the water cannot then flow, your finger is what we will call a non-conductor and the water will be retained in the pipe.

We have just the same effects in electricity. If we place some substance which is practically a non-conductor, or insulator, such as rubber, around an electric wire, or in the path of an electric current, the electricity, acted upon by the volts of pressure, cannot escape, because the insulation keeps it from doing so, just as the iron of the pipe keeps the water from escaping. Thus, you see, the volt does not itself represent electricity, but only the pressure which forces it through the wire.

There are other words and expressions in electricity which are sometimes used in connection with the word "volt." These words are "pressure" and "intensity." We might say, for instance, that a certain dynamo machine had an electromotive force of 110 volts; or that the intensity of a cell of a battery was 2 volts, etc.

We might mention, as another analogy, the pressure of steam in a boiler, which is measured or calculated in pounds, just as the pressure of water is measured. So, we might say that 100 pounds steam pressure used through the medium of a steam-engine to drive a dynamo could thus be changed to electricity at 100 volts pressure.

_The Ampère._--Now, in comparing the pounds pressure of water with the volts of pressure of electricity we used as an illustration a tank of water containing 100 gallons, and we saw that this water had a downward force or pressure in pounds. Let us now see what this pressure was acting upon.

It was forcing the quantity of water to spout upward through the end of the pipe. Now, as the quantity of water was 100 gallons, it could not all be forced at once out of the end of the pipe. The pounds pressure of water acting on the 100 gallons would force it out at a _certain rate_, which, let us say, would be one gallon per minute.

This would be the _rate of the flow_ of water out of the tank.

Thus, you see, we find a second measurement to be considered in discharging the water-tank. The first was the force, or pounds of pressure, and the second the _rate_ at which the quantity of water was being discharged per minute by that pressure.

This second measurement teaches us that a _certain quantity_ will pass out of the pipe in a _certain time_ if the pressure is steady, such quantity depending, of course, on the size or friction resistance of the pipe.

In electricity the volts of pressure act so as to force the quantity of current to _flow through the wires at a certain rate_ per second, and the rate at which it flows is measured in ampères. For instance, let us suppose that an electric lamp required a pressure of 100 volts and a current of one ampère to light it up, we should have to supply a current of electricity flowing at the rate of one ampère, acted upon by an electromotive force of 100 volts.

You will see, therefore, that while the volt does not represent any electricity, but only its pressure, the ampère represents the _rate of flow_ of the current itself.

You should remember that there are several words sometimes used in connection with the word "ampère"--for instance, we might say that a lamp required a "current" of one ampère or that a dynamo would give a "quantity" of 20 ampères.

_The Ohm._--You have learned that the _pressure_ would discharge the _quantity_ of water at a certain rate through the pipe. Now, suppose we were to fix _two_ discharge-pipes to the tank, the water would run away very m